Theoretical and Practical Motivations for Joining the Ukrainian Insurgent Army

Larysa Zariczniak

Applicant of historical faculty Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University

UDС 94 (477)

DOI: http://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048X.2015.01.200-226

The article discusses the reasons for joining the UPA based on oral history interviews. Initial activities of the UPA in the light of memoirs are characterized. Repressive and punitive actions of the USSR against UPA are analyzed.

Keywords

Ukrainian Insurgent Army, motivation, the Second World War, the Second Polish Republic, Soviet Union, Germany, nationalism, repression, incentives, rational choice wanderings.

Download the аrticle

References

1. Boudreau V. (2002) State Repression and Democracy Protest in Three Southeast Asian Countries. In D.S. Meyer, N. Whittier, B. Robnett ed. Social Movements: Identity, Culture and the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [in English].
2. Snyder T. (2003) The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press. [in English].
3. Snyder T. (2005) Sketches from a Secret War. New Haven: Yale University Press. [in English].
4. Brubaker R. (1996) Nationalism Reframed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [in English].
5. Rothschild J. (1974) East Central Europe between the Two World Wars. Seattle: University of Washington Press. [in English].
6. Hrytsak Ya. (1998) Narys istorii Ukrainy: formuvannia modernoii ukrainskoi natsii ХІХ-ХХ st. Kyiv: Heneza. [in Ukrainian].
7. Beissinger M.R. (1998) Nationalist Violence and the State: Political Authority and Contentious Repertoires in the Former USSR. Comparative Politics. No. 30/4. p. 401–422. [in English].
8. Hrycak A. (1997) The Coming of “Chrysler Imperial”: Ukrainian Youth and Rituals of Resistance. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. No. 21 (1/2). p. 63–91. [in English].
9. Viatrovych V. (2011) Druha polsko-ukrainska viina, 1942-1947. Kyiv: Tsentr Doslidzhen Vyzvolnoho Rukhu. [in Ukrainian].
10. Shapoval Yu. (2006) Dolia yak istoriia. Kyiv: Heneza. [in Ukrainian].
11. Wysocki R. (2003) Organizacja Ukrainskich Nacjonalistow w Polsce w Latach 1929-1939. Lublin: Wyd. Uniwersytetu M. Curie-Sklodowskiej. [in Polish].
12. Motyka G. (2006) Ukrainska Partyzantka, 1942 – 1960. Warsaw: Instytut Studiow Politycznych PAN. [in Polish].
13. Taylor M. (1988) Rationality and Revolutionary Collective Action. Rationality and Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [in English].
14. Calhoun C.J. (1988) The radicalism of tradition and the question of class struggle. Rationality and Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [in English].
15. Anderson B. (2003) Zakhidnyi natsionalizm i skhidnyi natsionalizm: chy ye mizh nymy riznytsia? Yi. No.27. [Online]. Avaliable from: http://www.ji.lviv.ua/. [in Ukrainian].
16. Armstrong J.A. (1980) Ukrainian Nationalism. Littleton: Ukrainian Academic Press. [in English].
17. Motyl A.J. (1999) Revolutions, Nations and Empires. New York: Columbia University Press. [in English].
18. Patryliak I.K. (2005) Antyradianske zbroine povstannia OUN. In S.V. Kulchytskyi ed. Orhanizatsiia ukrainskykh natsionalistiv i Ukrainska povstanska armiia: istorychni narysy. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. pp. 15-86. [in Ukrainian].
19. Motyl A.J. (1980) The Turn to the Right: The Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press. [in English].
20. Viatrovych V. (2007) Do problemy formuvannia ideino-prohramovykh zasad ukrainskoho vyzvolnoho rukhu 1920 – 1950 rr. Ukrainskyi Vyzvolnyi Rukh. 9. pp. 125–137. [in Ukrainian].
21. Haida M.D. (1998) Vse zdaietsia, nachebto nedavno. London. [in Ukrainian].
22. Interview with Lubomyr Poliuha, recorded by L. Zariczniak, 8 April, 2010.
23. Interview with Myroslav Bilus. Ukrainian Canadian Documentation Center (UCDC). UC280.
24. Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Lvivskoi Oblasti (DALO). Found 1. Opys 52. Sprava 1115. Arkush 7. Sprawozdanie №. 6 za Okres od 1-15 Kwietnia 1929 (Starostwo w Dobromilu. [in Polish].
25. DALO. Found 1. Opys 52. Sprava 1115. Arkush 56. ‘Starostwo w Dobromilu, Sprawzdanie Nr. 5 z akcji ‘Alfa’ w powiencie Dobromilskim za Okres od 15-31 Marca 1929. [in Polish].
26. DALO. Found 1. Opys 52. Sprava 1115. Arkush 87. Starostwo w Rawie Ruskiej do Wydzialu Bezpieczenstaw Publicznego Wojewodztwa we Lwowie (17 Marca 1929). [in Polish].
27. Interview with Yevhen Shtendera, recorded by L. Zariczniak, 29 July 2009.
28. Interview with Orest Vaskul, recorded by L. Zariczniak, 15 May 2012.
29. Interview with Maksym Wowk, recorded by L. Zariczniak. 14 January 2009.
30. Interview with Anna Vasylyk, recorded by L. Zariczniak. 6 May 2012.
31. Stupnyts’kyi Y. (2004) My Past Life. Toronto. [in English].
32. Interview with Stepan Borsch. UCDC. PA219.
33. Interview with Anna Bajlak, recorded by L. Zariczniak. 12 April 2012.
34. Stebelskyi S. (2000) Kriz smikh zaliza. Litopys UPA. Vol. 30. Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
35. Ivanchenko V. (2009) Kvitka u chervonomu pekli: zhyttievyi shliakh Liudmyly Foia. Toronto: Litopys UPA. [in Ukrainian].
36.Tomiak J. (1991) Education of the Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in the Polish Republic, 1918-1939. Schooling, Educational Policy and Ethnic Identity. New York: Dartmouth Publishing Co. Ltd. [in Ukrainian].
37. Interview with Anna Martyniuk, recorded by L. Zariczniak, 3 April 2009.
38. Khrin S. Zymoiu v bunkeri. Abhsburh: Druk. B. Krynytskoho. [in Ukrainian].
39. Skorupskyi M. (1961) U nastupakh i vidstupakh. Chykaho. [in Ukrainian].
40. Savchyn-Pyskir M. (2001) Thousands of Roads. London: McFarland. [in English].
41. Torzecki R. (1972) Kwestia Ukrainska w Polityce III Rzeszy. Warsaw: Ksiazka i Wiedze. [in Polish].
42. Zimmermann E. (1983) Political Violence, Crises and Revolutions: Theories and Research. Boston: Routledge. [in English].
43. Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie (AGAD). Found 2021. Opys 9. S. 19. Komanda Wojewodzka Policji Panstwowej we Lwowie. Zvit pro konferentsiiu ukrainskykh predstavnykiv hromadskosti, traven 1934 r.
44. AGAD. Found 203. Opys XV. Ark 5(219-223). S. 9. Armia Krajowa Fili, Analiz mozhlyvykh proektiv po stvorenniu stiikykh ukrainskykh rishen.
45. Lotnik W. (1999) Nine Lives. London: Serif Publishing. [in English].
46. Herbowski-Robinska Z. (2007) Yesterday…The day before Yesterday…a Long Time Ago. Borderland Settlements. Warsaw: The Association of Families of Military and Civilian Settlers of the Eastern Borderland. [in English].
47. Budurowycz B. (1983) Poland and the Ukrainian Problem, 1921 – 1939. Canadian Slavonic Papers. 25/4. pp. 473–500. [in English].
48. Fundacja Osrodka KARTA. I/123. Warsaw, Poland.
49. Hrycyszyn M. (2006) God Save Me From my Friends. Cambridge: Pegasus Elliot Mackenzie Pu. [in English].
50. (1930) Central Executive Committee of the Representatives of Ukrainian Refugee Organizations in Czechoslovakia. Extirpation of Ukrainians in Poland. Prague: Central Executive Committee of the Representatives of Ukrainian Refugee Organizations in Czechoslovakia.
51. (2010) Lyst kapelana Yaroslava Chemerynskoho do Ottsia Mykhaila Martyniuka, 22 zhovtnia 1930. Nashe Slovo. 44. p. 9. [in Ukrainian].
52. Library and Archives Canada (LAC). MG31: Volodymyr Kubijovyc Fond [1942]. D203. No. 25. Fil. 22. P. 2.
53. Martovych O. (1952) Ukrainian Liberation Movement in Modern Times / O. Martovych. Edinburg: Scottish League for European Freedom. [in English].
54. Tkach D. (2007) Motyvatsiia vstupu do lav UPA: do postanovky problemy. Ukrainskyi Vyzvolnyi Rukh. 9. pp. 147–156.
55. Interview with Volodymyr Baziuk, recorded by L. Zariczniak. 1 June 2011.
56. Gross J.T. (2002) Revolution from Abroad. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [in English].
57. Pavlo Podobed. Spohady Striltsia UPA Stepana Babia, “Holuba”. YouTube. [Online]. Avaliable from: http://www.youtube.com/.
58. Novyts’kyi S. (1984) In the Struggle for Freedom in Volyn. Litopys UPA. Vol. 5. Toronto: Litopys UPA.
59. Peterson R.D. (2002) Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred and Resentment in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [in English].
60. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Found T120. Roll. 2533. E292724. Stenohrama Reikhskomisara Ukrainy do Reikhsministra okupovanykh skhidnykh terytorii (2 chervnia 1942).
61. Interview with Anelya Warvaruk. UCDC. GA A-365-01/02/03.
62. LAC. MG31: Volodymyr Kubijovyc Fond. D203 17, Fil. 24, S. 3. Press conference 19.11.42.
63. AGAD. Found 203. Opys XV. Ark. 12. Pliki Armii Krajowi. Zvit pro ukrainskykh robitnykiv u Nimechchyni.
64. Berkhoff K.C. (2009) Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule. Boston: Harvard University Press. [in English].
65. Khvylia H. (1957) V lavakh UPA na Volyni. In P. Mirchuk & V. Davydenko eds. V Reidakh UPA. Niu York: T-v b. voiakiv UPA v ZDA i Kanadi. [in Ukrainian].
66. The Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System Online. Schedule B. Vol. 10. Case 314. pp. 6–7. [Online]. Avaliable from: http://hcl.harvard.edu/
67. Interview with Anna Buryj, recorded by L. Zariczniak. 12 March 2012.
68. Zhukov Y. (2007) Examining the Authoritarian Model of Counter-Insurgency: The Soviet Campaign Against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. Small Wars and Insurgencies. 18/3. pp. 439–466. [in English].
69. Interview with Iryna Kozak, recorded by L. Zariczniak. 5 November 2009.
70. Olson M. (1965) The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [in English].
71. Medrzecki W. (2002) Polityka Narodowsciowa II Rzeczypospolitej a Antypolska Akcja UPA w Latach 1943 – 1944. Antypolska Akcja OUN-UPA, 1943-1944, Fakty i Interpretacje. – Warsaw: Instytut Pamieci Narodowej. [in Polish].
72. Rule J.B. (1988) Theories of Civil Violence. Berkeley: University of California Press. [in English].
73. Snyder T. (2003) The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943. Past and Present. 179. pp. 197–234. [in English].
74. Konopadskyi O. (1953) Spomyny chotovoho Ostroverkha. Miunkhen. [in Ukrainian].
75. Interview with Danylo Shumuk. UCDC. UCDC PA7.
76. Interview with Yaroslava Levkovych, recorded by L. Zariczniak. 13 September 2010.
77. NARA. Found T175, Roll. 81, 2601565. Lyst vid Kokha do Rozenberha pro potochnu sytuatsiiu band v Ukraini.
78. Boryak H., Dashkevych Ya., Pyrih R., Shapoval Yu. (Eds.) (2007) Litopys UPA (New Series). Vol. 11: The OUN(B) network and the UPA rear line services on the territory of the Military Districts (VO) “Zahrava”, “Turiv”, “Bohun” (August 1942 – December 1943). Toronto: Litopys UPA.
79. Haluzevyi Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Sluzhby Bezpeky Ukrainy (GDA SBU). Found 13, sprava 372, tom 6, p. 168. Stenohrama opytuvannia Dmytra Vitovskoho vid 25 chervnia 1946 r.
80. Hoshovskyi I. (2011, 25 January) Shist epizodiv rodynnoi istorii. Istorychna pravda. [Online]. Avaliable from: http://www.istpravda.com.ua/. [in Ukrainian].
81. Dallin A. (1981) German Rule in Russia, 1941 – 1945. Boulder: Macmillan. [in English].
82. Borets-Chumak Yu. (1986) Z naikrashchymy . London. [in Ukrainian].
83. Interview with Anna Shumada, recorded by L. Zariczniak. 11 April 2010.
84. Noraiskyi-Zelez I. (1957) Koly do slova pryishla “liudova” Polshcha. In P. Mirchuk, V. Davydenko eds. V riadakh UPA: zbirka spomyniv buv. voiakiv Ukrainskoi Povstanskoi Armii. Niu York: T-vo b. voiakiv UPA v ZDA i Kanadi. [in Ukrainian].
85. Interview with Wolodymyr Lewskij, recorded by L. Zariczniak. 30 January 2009.
86. Shapoval Yu.I. (2000) OUN i UPA na tereni Polshchi (1944 – 1947 rr.). Kyiv: In-t ist. Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy. [in Ukrainian].
87. Interview with Tekla Hnatyshyn, recorded by L. Zariczniak. 14 July 2010.