Svitlana Motruk,
Ph.D. (History), Associate Professor,
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/2524-048X.2024.29.11
Abstract.
Based on a wide and representative source base, the article highlights the situation of Ukrainian forced migrants in the Czech Republic in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The author analyses their socio-demographic structure, living and working conditions, problems, attitudes and intentions. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of the processes of social adaptation, integration, assimilation against the background of challenges to preserving national identity and the main factors of return/non-return to the homeland. Specific examples are used to demonstrate the positive contribution of Ukrainian refugees, who are increasingly working and doing business, to all spheres of Czech society, which has a favourable impact on economic performance and welfare. Ukrainians bring significant benefits to their workplaces and help the Czech economy, despite the large number of those with jobs that are significantly lower qualifications. At the same time, it is noted that despite the fairly high level of integration, issues of language, education, employment and housing still pose obstacles for some refugees. The flow of forced migrants has become a catalyst for approaches to providing them with protection in European countries, including the Czech Republic, which ranks third in the EU in terms of the number of war refugees. This country was one of the first to create a special support program and law for Ukrainian citizens (Lex Ukrajina I-VII). It constantly extends the validity of temporary protection (currently until March 2026), while introducing some additional changes to expand the scope of legalisation of refugees’ stay. The latest innovations include the possibility of switching to a special long-term type of residence, restrictions on the provision of humanitarian housing, changes in the rules of children’s education, and assistance for returning home. Recent sociological surveys have revealed an ambiguous attitude of Czechs towards forced migrants from Ukraine. On the one hand, they see their successful integration, on the other hand, they do not want refugees to stay in the Czech Republic.
Keywords: Ukrainian forced migrants, war refugees, temporary protection, integration, Czech Republic, Ukraine, European Union.
Submitted 13.08.2024
Download
References:
- Bizhenci vtrachayut” zv’yazok z Ukrayinoyu. Shho pokazaly doslidzhennya (2024, 14travnya). BBC News Ukrayina. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/articles/cprggynrp38o [In Ukrainian].
- Horbach, M., & Sych, M. (2024, 25 serpnya). Vony povernut”sya? Chy bachat” voyenni bizhenci svoye majbutnye v Ukrayini i shho robyt” dlya c”oho vlada? Radio Svoboda. Retrieved from https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/bizhentsi- povernennia-maibutnie/33090865 [In Ukrainian].
- Zakordonne ukrayinstvo: vid doslidzhennya istoriyi do prohnozu rozvytku: Materialy Mizhnarodnoyi naukovo-praktychnoyi konferenciyi (2024, 26 kvitnya). Kyyiv: TOV «Heoprynt» [In Ukrainian].
- Malynovs”ka, O. (2024, 31 sichnya). Ukrayins”ki bizhenci vijny v Yevropi: mizh intehraciyeyu ta povernennyam. Nacional”nyj instytut stratehichnyx doslidzhen”.Retrieved from https://niss.gov.ua/doslidzhennya/sotsialna-polityka /ukrayinski-bizhentsi-viyny-v-yevropi-mizh-intehratsiyeyu-ta [In Ukrainian].
- Raxmanov, O.A. (2024). Zhyttya ukrayins”kyx mihrantiv: sposterezhennya socioloha. Instytut sociolohiyi NAN Ukrayiny. Retrieved from https: //isnasu.org.ua/popsci/006_ Rahmanov_-_Zhittia_migrantiv.php [In Ukrainian].
- Skil”ky ukrayins”kyx bizhenciv planuyut” zalyshytysya u Chexiyi na najblyzhchi roky: opytuvannya (2024, 15 lyutoho). Visit Ukraine. Retrieved from https://visitukraine.today/uk/blog/3367/how-many-ukrainian-refugees-plan-to-stay-in-the-czech-republic-in-the-coming-years-survey [In Ukrainian].
- Stalo vidomo, skil”ky ukrayins”kyx bizhenciv oficijno pracyuyut” v Chexiyi (2024, 12chervnya). cz. Retrieved from https://gromada.cz/2024/08/12/stalo-vidomo-skilky-ukrainskykh-bizhentsiv-ofitsijno-pratsiuiut-v-chekhii/ [In Ukrainian].
- Uhoda pro spivrobitnyctvo u sferi bezpeky ta dovhostrokovu pidtrymku mizh Ukrayinoyu ta Ches”koyu Respublikoyu (2024, 18 lypnya). Oficijne internet-predstavnyctvo Prezydenta Ukrayiny.Retrieved from https://www.president.gov.ua/news/ugoda-pro-spivrobitnictvo-u-sferi-bezpeki-ta-dovgostrokovu-p-92237 [In Ukrainian].
- Vyshlins”kyj, H. (Ed.). (2024). Ukrayins”ki bizhenci. Majbutnye za kordonom ta plany na povernennya.Kyyiv: Centr ekonomichnoyi stratehiyi [In Ukrainian].
- Ukrayinci v Chexiyi: skil”ky zhinok i cholovikiv mayut” oficijni dozvoly na perebuvannya? (2024, 5kvitnya). ProUkrayinu.cz. Retrieved from https://proukrainu.blesk.cz/skilky-ukraintsiv-ofitsiino-u-chekhii-skilky-oformyly-vozziedn annia-rodyny/ [In Ukrainian].
- Belica, T. Velká zpráva o Ukrajincích v Česku po 900 dnech od invaze: Kolik nás stojí, jak pomáhají a zůstanou? (2024, 12srpna). cz. Retrieved from https://www.blesk.cz/clanek/zpravy- politika/792280/velka-zprava-o-ukrajinci ch-v-cesku-po-900-dnech-od-invaze- kolik- nas- stoji- jak- pomahaji-a-zustanou.html?kapitola=3274516 [In Czech].
- CRIF: Téměř desetina začínajících podnikatelů u nás jsou Ukrajinci, nejčastěji směřují do stavebnictví (2023, 31října). Сcz.Retrieved from https://www.informaceofirmach.cz/crif-temer-desetina-zacina [In Czech].
- Češi nepolevují v podpoře uprchlíků z Ukrajiny (2024, 2 února). STEM. Retrieved from https://www.stem.cz/cesi-nepolevuji-v-podpore-uprchliku-z-ukrajiny/ [In Czech].
- Dočasná ochrana. (2024). Ministerstvo vnitra ČR. Retrieved from https://frs.gov.cz/docasna-ochrana/ [In Czech].
- Drbohlav, D., Novotný, J., & Levkova, A. (2024). Váleční uprchlíci z Ukrajiny v Česku (2022–2023): situace a subjektivní postoje. Výzkumná zpráva. Praha: Přírodovědecká Fakulta Univerzita Karlova [In Czech].
- Integrace ukrajinských uprchlíků: 2 roky poté a výhled na 2024+ (2023). PAQ Research. Retrieved from PAQ_Hlas_Ukrajincu _Dva_roky_pote.2.pdf [In Czech].
Klesá nabídka nízkokvalifikovaných pozic, rekvalifikace je cesta k dobré práci. - Tisková zpráva. (2024). Úřad práce ČR. Retrieved from https://www.uradprace.cz/documents/37855/4767745/TZ_nezame%CC%8Cstnanost_%C4%8Dervenec+2024_final.pdf/9fa75781-3a93-4013-a7f8-646f38297449?t=1723100248903 [In Czech].
- Mezinárodní organizace pro migraci (IOM). (2024, březen). DTM Česko: «Socioekonomická situace uprchlíků z Ukrajiny — Zpráva za rok 2023». Retrieved from https://czechia.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1681/files/inline-files/iom-czechia-dtm-report-2023_cz_0.pdf [In Czech].
- Návrh zákona, kterým se mění zákon č. 65/2022 Sb., o některých opatřeních v souvislosti s ozbrojeným konfliktem na území Ukrajiny vyvolaným invazí vojsk Ruské federace, ve znění pozdějších předpisů, a další související zákony (2024). O / dok. Retrieved from https://www.odok.cz/portal/veklep/material/KORND3Z97UFM/ [In Czech].
- Postoj české veřejnosti k přijímání uprchlíků z Tisková zpráva (2024, březen). Centrum pro výzkum veřejného mínění, Sociologický ústav AV ČR. Retrieved from https://cvvm.soc.cas.cz/images/articles/files/5817/pm240415.pdf [In Czech].
- Svorník, P. (2024, 22 května). Česko už díky uprchlíkům z Ukrajiny bohatne. Za tři měsíce si stat polepšil o tři miliardy. cz. Retrieved from https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/domaci-cesko-uz-diky-uprchlikum-z-ukrajiny-bohatne-za-tri-mesice-si-stat-polepsil-o-tri-miliardy-40472815 [In Czech].
- Temporary Protection for Persons Fleeing Ukraine – Monthly (2024). Eurostat Statistics Explained. Retrieved from explained/index.php?title=Temporary_protection_for_persons_fleeing_Ukraine_- monthly_statistics [In English].
- Ukrainian Refugees: Council Extends Temporary Protection until March 2026. (2024, 25 June). European Council of the European Union. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press- releases/2024/06/25/ukrainian-refugees-council-extends-temporary-protection-until-march-2026/ [In English].
- Ukraine Situation. Flash Update #72. (2024, 24 August). Regional Bureau for Europe. Retrieved from 2024 08 27 Ukraine Flash Update No 72.pdf [In English].
- Uprchlíci z Ukrajiny naší ekonomice pomáhají. Většina ale nemá ani 150 korun na hodinu. (2024, 7května). Alma Career. Retrieved from https://magazin.almacareer.com/cz/uprchlici-z-ukrajiny-nasi-ekonomice-pomahaji-vetsina-ale-nema-ani-150-korun-na-hodinu [In Czech].
- Uprchlíci z Ukrajiny v datech a analýzách. (2024). Konsorcium nevládních organizací pracujících s migranty. Retrieved from https://migracnikonsorcium.cz/cs/data-statistiky-a-analyzy/uprchlici-z-ukrajiny-v-datech/#uprchlici-cr-pocty [In Czech].
- War & Labor. Exploitation of Ukrainian Refugees in Europe. (2024). Retrieved from https://war-and-labor.com/[In English].